2,937 research outputs found

    Exogenous Shocks and Exchange Rate Management in Developing Countries

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    Even though globalization benefits less developed countries (LDCs), it also makes them more vulnerable to the exogenous shocks to the economies. Many LDCs rely on imported technologies and intermediate inputs to compete in the international export markets with better quality and cost efficient products. In this regard, exchange rate policies in respective countries have a direct bearing on the cost of production. This paper examines alternative exchange rate regimes to suggest an appropriate exchange rate policy in the context of developing countries. The paper utilizes a small open economy model involving direct supply-side effects of exchange rate and expectations of key economic variables and considers four possible exchange rate policies, e.g., fixed exchange rate, perfectly flexible exchange rate, leaning against the wind, and leaning with the wind. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the paper finds that in the event of a shock, leaning against the wind is likely to be the most appropriate exchange rate policy. Moreover, in the event of rigid wages, a fixed exchange rate policy is advisable.globalization, exchange rate regimes, exchange rate policy

    Mind your accent

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    More on Comparison Between First Geometric-Arithmetic Index and Atom-Bond Connectivity Index

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    The first geometric-arithmetic (GA) index and atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index are molecular structure descriptors which play a significant role in quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. Das and Trinajsti\'{c} [\textit{Chem. Phys. Lett.} \textbf{497} (2010) 149-151] showed that GAGA index is greater than ABCABC index for all those graphs (except K1,4K_{1,4} and T∗T^{*}, see Figure 1) in which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is less than or equal to 3. In this note, it is proved that GAGA index is greater than ABCABC index for line graphs of molecular graphs, for general graphs in which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is less than or equal to (2δ−1)2(2\delta-1)^{2} (where δ\delta is the minimum degree and δ≥2\delta\geq2) and for some families of trees. Thereby, a partial solution to an open problem proposed by Das and Trinajsti\'{c} is given.Comment: 10 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure, revised versio

    Exploiting peer group concept for adaptive and highly available services

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    This paper presents a prototype for redundant, highly available and fault tolerant peer to peer framework for data management. Peer to peer computing is gaining importance due to its flexible organization, lack of central authority, distribution of functionality to participating nodes and ability to utilize unused computational resources. Emergence of GRID computing has provided much needed infrastructure and administrative domain for peer to peer computing. The components of this framework exploit peer group concept to scope service and information search, arrange services and information in a coherent manner, provide selective redundancy and ensure availability in face of failure and high load conditions. A prototype system has been implemented using JXTA peer to peer technology and XML is used for service description and interfaces, allowing peers to communicate with services implemented in various platforms including web services and JINI services. It utilizes code mobility to achieve role interchange among services and ensure dynamic group membership. Security is ensured by using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to implement group level security policies for membership and service access.Comment: The Paper Consists of 5 pages, 6 figures submitted in Computing in High Energy and Nuclear Physics, 24-28 March 2003 La Jolla California. CHEP0

    Farmers’ Perceptions about Effects of Pesticides Use in Vegetables in Taluka Usta Muhammad of Jaffarabaddistrict, Balochistan

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    This study was carried out to assess the vegetable growers of Taluka Usta Muhammad District of Jaffarabad, Balochistan for their awareness about the effects of pesticides use in vegetables and their opinion in relation to situation improvement and major problems they face. The study covered the 80 vegetable growers. Apart from the demographic information of the respondents, the farmers were also asked to perceive on their knowledge about pesticide application, impact of pesticides on vegetables, human health and environment and some other related aspects. The study revealed that majority of growers were 31-40 years of age (32%); educated upto primary (31%);>40 acre landholding (31%);tenant (46%);mostly having 5-10 years farming experience (39%); cultivate vegetables on 11-20 acres (38%) growers, respectively. The likert type scale results on different assumptions for majority growers show: ‘not satisfied’ (81%) about the usefulness extension services regarding proper use of pesticides; ‘satisfied to some extent’ (68%) on their awareness regarding techniques of pesticide application; (56%) on awareness regarding unsafe pesticide application as a health risk; ‘satisfied to some extent’ (62%) following label instructions; ‘satisfied to some extent’ (45%)  on awareness of safe use of pesticides; ‘satisfied to some extent’ (55%) knowledge regarding precautions for pesticide application; ‘satisfied to some extent’ (63%) on their awareness on unsafe pesticide application is a health risk;  ‘satisfied to some extent’ (49%) for awareness on adverse pesticide effects on animals and other ecosystem; ‘not satisfied’ (45%) with the traditional methods. Majority growers ‘strongly agreed’ (82%) that use of pesticide increases the yield of vegetables; (72%) disagreed the pesticides as cause of unground water contamination; (44%) strongly agreed that use of pesticides is harmful for biological life; (51%) strongly agreed that abundant use of pesticides pollutes the atmosphere; (46%) strongly agreed on changed natural taste of food due to pesticidal sprays;(40%) strongly agreed that birds are affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides; (71%) strongly agreed that due to residual effects of pesticides in vegetable produce human health is at high risk. Majority of growers suggested training programs on proper pesticide application on vegetables, motivation campaigns, effective extension services, effective role of mass media, demonstration plots, role of EPA, training of residual effects and human health. Neighboring farmer was rank-1 source of information while ‘financial constraints’ was rank-1 problem faced by the growers. Keywords: Vegetables, Pesticides, Awareness, Ecosystem, Knowledge, Farmer and Growers
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