2,937 research outputs found
Exogenous Shocks and Exchange Rate Management in Developing Countries
Even though globalization benefits less developed countries (LDCs), it also makes them more vulnerable to the exogenous shocks to the economies. Many LDCs rely on imported technologies and intermediate inputs to compete in the international export markets with better quality and cost efficient products. In this regard, exchange rate policies in respective countries have a direct bearing on the cost of production. This paper examines alternative exchange rate regimes to suggest an appropriate exchange rate policy in the context of developing countries. The paper utilizes a small open economy model involving direct supply-side effects of exchange rate and expectations of key economic variables and considers four possible exchange rate policies, e.g., fixed exchange rate, perfectly flexible exchange rate, leaning against the wind, and leaning with the wind. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the paper finds that in the event of a shock, leaning against the wind is likely to be the most appropriate exchange rate policy. Moreover, in the event of rigid wages, a fixed exchange rate policy is advisable.globalization, exchange rate regimes, exchange rate policy
More on Comparison Between First Geometric-Arithmetic Index and Atom-Bond Connectivity Index
The first geometric-arithmetic (GA) index and atom-bond connectivity (ABC)
index are molecular structure descriptors which play a significant role in
quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and quantitative
structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies. Das and Trinajsti\'{c}
[\textit{Chem. Phys. Lett.} \textbf{497} (2010) 149-151] showed that index
is greater than index for all those graphs (except and ,
see Figure 1) in which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is
less than or equal to 3. In this note, it is proved that index is greater
than index for line graphs of molecular graphs, for general graphs in
which the difference between maximum and minimum degree is less than or equal
to (where is the minimum degree and )
and for some families of trees. Thereby, a partial solution to an open problem
proposed by Das and Trinajsti\'{c} is given.Comment: 10 pages, 2 tables, 1 figure, revised versio
Exploiting peer group concept for adaptive and highly available services
This paper presents a prototype for redundant, highly available and fault
tolerant peer to peer framework for data management. Peer to peer computing is
gaining importance due to its flexible organization, lack of central authority,
distribution of functionality to participating nodes and ability to utilize
unused computational resources. Emergence of GRID computing has provided much
needed infrastructure and administrative domain for peer to peer computing. The
components of this framework exploit peer group concept to scope service and
information search, arrange services and information in a coherent manner,
provide selective redundancy and ensure availability in face of failure and
high load conditions. A prototype system has been implemented using JXTA peer
to peer technology and XML is used for service description and interfaces,
allowing peers to communicate with services implemented in various platforms
including web services and JINI services. It utilizes code mobility to achieve
role interchange among services and ensure dynamic group membership. Security
is ensured by using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) to implement group level
security policies for membership and service access.Comment: The Paper Consists of 5 pages, 6 figures submitted in Computing in
High Energy and Nuclear Physics, 24-28 March 2003 La Jolla California. CHEP0
Farmersâ Perceptions about Effects of Pesticides Use in Vegetables in Taluka Usta Muhammad of Jaffarabaddistrict, Balochistan
This study was carried out to assess the vegetable growers of Taluka Usta Muhammad District of Jaffarabad, Balochistan for their awareness about the effects of pesticides use in vegetables and their opinion in relation to situation improvement and major problems they face. The study covered the 80 vegetable growers. Apart from the demographic information of the respondents, the farmers were also asked to perceive on their knowledge about pesticide application, impact of pesticides on vegetables, human health and environment and some other related aspects. The study revealed that majority of growers were 31-40 years of age (32%); educated upto primary (31%);>40 acre landholding (31%);tenant (46%);mostly having 5-10 years farming experience (39%); cultivate vegetables on 11-20 acres (38%) growers, respectively. The likert type scale results on different assumptions for majority growers show: ânot satisfiedâ (81%) about the usefulness extension services regarding proper use of pesticides; âsatisfied to some extentâ (68%) on their awareness regarding techniques of pesticide application; (56%) on awareness regarding unsafe pesticide application as a health risk; âsatisfied to some extentâ (62%) following label instructions; âsatisfied to some extentâ (45%)Â on awareness of safe use of pesticides; âsatisfied to some extentâ (55%) knowledge regarding precautions for pesticide application; âsatisfied to some extentâ (63%) on their awareness on unsafe pesticide application is a health risk;Â âsatisfied to some extentâ (49%) for awareness on adverse pesticide effects on animals and other ecosystem; ânot satisfiedâ (45%) with the traditional methods. Majority growers âstrongly agreedâ (82%) that use of pesticide increases the yield of vegetables; (72%) disagreed the pesticides as cause of unground water contamination; (44%) strongly agreed that use of pesticides is harmful for biological life; (51%) strongly agreed that abundant use of pesticides pollutes the atmosphere; (46%) strongly agreed on changed natural taste of food due to pesticidal sprays;(40%) strongly agreed that birds are affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides; (71%) strongly agreed that due to residual effects of pesticides in vegetable produce human health is at high risk. Majority of growers suggested training programs on proper pesticide application on vegetables, motivation campaigns, effective extension services, effective role of mass media, demonstration plots, role of EPA, training of residual effects and human health. Neighboring farmer was rank-1 source of information while âfinancial constraintsâ was rank-1 problem faced by the growers. Keywords: Vegetables, Pesticides, Awareness, Ecosystem, Knowledge, Farmer and Growers
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State, society and environment in the ex-state of Bahawalpur: a case study of the Sutlej Valley Project, 1921-1947
This study examines the impact of Sutlej Valley Project (SVP) â a colonial mega canal colonisation scheme implemented by the British rulers of India in the years 1921- 1947, in order to bring upland crown waste areas of the British Punjab, and the princely states of Bahawalpur and Bikaner, under cultivation. This study covers only that part of the project which was implemented in Bahawalpur State and investigates the impact of this phase of hydraulic engineering on the state, society and its environment through the nexus of hydro-politics, land settlement, migration, demography, agricultural development and ecological change.
The implementation of the SVP opened up large wasteland areas to reclamation, areas which were subsequently colonised by both local and immigrant peasant communities from different parts of India â though predominantly from the Punjab. This thesis argues that the state â through the ownership of extensive colony lands and a large network of perennial canals â monopolised the means of production and thus took control of both society and landscape in order to reshape them to its own advantage. Through the project the state was able to wield power not only over the environment, but also its people and society. Prospective colonists, whose loyalty was ensured by the allotment of land, were carefully selected, not only for their ability to improve cultivation but on the basis of fitness for citizenship.
The SVP â implemented in a desert area â brought about radical changes in ecology. The creation of new agricultural villages and mandi (market) towns, criss-crossed by a large network of perennial canals that extended cultivation to one million acres of new colony lands, turned a desert into a productive agricultural region and made it a new commercial centre of the arid region of North-West India. The project, however, along with its positive contributions to economy and society, created significant environmental and social problems: polluting the pure desert environment and dividing the local Bahawalpuri society along ethnic lines. Through the investigation of historical materials, this thesis critically examines all these developments and looks to assess their effects on the social, political, economic and cultural life of the state. Furthermore, the analysis of the SVP presented here is conceived of as an instructive case study, and the project itself as a microcosm of wider colonial hydraulic endeavours.
In the main, this analysis utilises governmental publications issued in the form of reports, gazetteers, census reports and surveys, along with the secondary sources published as books and articles by contemporary writers. The construction of irrigation works, colonisation of wastelands, and their economic, political, social and ecological implications are analysed in order to explore whether a project of such magnitude was justified in Bahawalpur State at the time. The project is furthermore analysed in terms of the achievement â or failure to achieve â its stated objectives, which, along with an assessment of its contribution to the material progress of the princely state and the impact of this project on the state, society and its environment, form the core of the research
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